When it comes to leader development, old styles of training just don't cut it.

Broadly speaking, there are two types of learning in a professional development context: transactional and transformational. Transactional learning methods operate from the viewthat skills or information are things to be transferred from the knower to the learner.

Learning and the Thinking Brain

While transactional learning can undoubtedly teach us invaluable skills that allow us to complete tasks efficiently, such approaches do not usually generate long-lasting or profound shifts in people’s behavior or attitude when it comes to leadership development, communication skills or managing cultural change.

Transactional learning does, however, have tremendous value to us when we want to learn technical or analytical skills, such as how to write a report, balance a budget, repair a car engine or plan a drainage system. These skills are predominantly learned by the neo-cortex, the so-called ‘thinking’ part of the brain. Transactional learning methods activate this part of the brain, and the neo-cortex processes the new analytical or technical information with extraordinary rapidity.Transactional learning often feels very satisfying because the ‘results’ are the new bits of conceptual information or knowledge that we leave a training event with. When we attend a training event that we are actually interested in, that sense of satisfaction is increased because we have got something that we actually want.

Thinking Brain and the Limbic Brain

Similarly, the sense of dissatisfaction that arises from training programs related to communication, leadership and culture often occurs because there is little or no obvious behavior change after the training event. For the development of these skills, transformational learning is most often the best approach to take. If someone wants to learn how to have a difficult conversation with a staff member in a transactional way, he or she may be presented with top tips on difficult conversations.However, the discussion would be unlikely to result in deep or significant shifts in how the individual relates with the rest of staff. Furthermore, research shows that the half-life of knowledge that is simply transferred is very short. This means that any positive benefit of someone learning what they need to in a transactional manner would be neither deep nor long-lasting.

This is simply because a learning task, such as improving communication skills, requires the involvement of both the ‘thinking’ brain AND the limbic brain—the part of the brain that governs feelings and how we manage relationships. Research indicates that skills based in this part of the brain are best learned through motivation, practice and feedback, rather than a transfer of information. In other words things, that involve the "F" word (feelings) require a transformational learning process. As emotional intelligence guru Daniel Goleman, states, "A brief seminar won’t help, and it can’t be learned through a how-to manual."

Transformational learning processes can be frustrating because the ‘results’ are not evident in lots of notes, handouts, facts or ‘step 1, step 2’ processes. The results often do not appear until we are in the situation in which we need to apply the newly learned skills. This is compounded by the fact that the limbic brain learns slower and requires more practice and rehearsal than the ‘thinking’ brain—especially when the challenge is to shift deeply ingrained attitudes, behaviors and habits.

Developing a Toolkit or a Handyman

While transactional learning focuses on providing the learner with a new ‘toolkit,’ transformational learning focuses on developing the user of the tools. Its aim is to improve the competency of the learner by transforming beliefs and values, underlying assumptions and ingrained habits. Transformational learning methods uncover issues that we likely weren’t aware of and get to the ‘nub’ of the thing to be learned. It takes us to the areas of our work performance where we are less than stellar. It shines a light on those areas of our work performance that we need to grow, extend or improve upon, and it is a necessarily uncomfortable process. This can involve action methods, which uncover our unconscious reactions that stop us from performing as well as we would like to. Such an experiential, interactive and action-based approach causes us to be ‘conscious’ and ‘awake’ during the learning process. It also presents opportunities to actually rehearse the thing to be learned and for real-time coaching to ensue. From my experience, three action-based human technologies which I apply, Role Training, Action Sociometry and Sociodrama, generate the kind of transformation I’m referring to.

Transactional methods are those with which we are probably most familiar and comfortable. They are generally the preferred teaching approaches in our schools and workplace training situations. They are conducted through one-off learning events and tend to involve presentations, ‘chalk and talk’ and handouts or worksheets, which provide good reference material that can be accessed again and again when the situation requires. Transformational approaches, however, apply new learning over time, using rehearsal, reflection, coaching and follow up, and require high levels of motivation and concerted effort on the part of the learner. They are more experiential and action-orientated. Transactional learning tends to be focused on content to be learned, while transformational learning views learning as a process.

Transactional learning is a learning approach that generates a practical and conceptual understanding of ‘what to do’ and transformational learning generates increased capability in ‘how to do it.’ Therefore, transactional learning appears more methodical, logical, sequential and step-by-step, while transformational learning approaches can be much more divergent and unpredictable. A great degree of the discomfort with learning in a transformational way stems from the fact that feelings and relationships are involved to a greater extent than when learning in a transactional manner, which places more emphasis on the factual.

There is tremendous value in both transactional and transformational learning approaches, and the two are complementary to each other. The key point is to be clear about the learning outcomes you’re looking for. Before applying any approach or methodology, it’s useful to analyze the kinds of things to be learned and what you are seeking to achieve in developing this training program. Then, the most effective and strategic teaching and learning approaches can be employed and learning can be maximized.

John Wenger applies a unique human technology to catalyze real and long-lasting behavior and attitude shift in individuals and teams in his role as the director of Quantum Shift Global Ltd.